This seminar aimed to review the implications of an integrated approach to humanitarian action, drawing in particular on case studies undertaken by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue of the UN’s experience of integrating humanitarian, political and military responses to crises in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone.
Afghan men with guns standing in front of a tank
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Credit: Olivier_P
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This research project examined the application of political economy analysis to humanitarian programming in complex environments.
The central argument of both of these papers is that farmers manage crop variability in distinctive ways.
Despite these well-known observations, crop diversity is generally narrowing in farmers' fields. A number of factors lie behind this trend, including, among others: the spread of commercial agriculture, acute natural phenomena (such as drought and floods), and war and civil strife. The frequency of the latter, in particular, is on the rise. For instance, each of the ten countries in the Greater Horn of Africa has experienced either drought or civil strife and war - or both - since 1980 alone (ASARECA, 1996).
Though crop diversity is declining, international understanding of the differential nature of the stresses it faces, and how to deal with them, remains under-developed. This argument was elaborated at the 1996 International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources: ‘No formal mechanisms exist to monitor such [stress] situations, assemble information or initiate appropriate action' (FAO, 1996:45). In order to protect and enhance crop diversity, it is necessary at least to understand the particular nature of the problem; useful aid and development interventions in the area of crop diversity can only derive from more targeted knowledge.
The four papers presented in this volume focus on one potential stress to crop diversity, namely war and its accompanying civil strife. Taking a farmer-centred perspective, the case studies examine the effects of war on crop diversity through the same set of guiding questions: ‘what were the biological, social, and political factors which shaped crop diversity prior to the war?'; ‘which defining characteristics of the war itself seem to have influenced the way in which crop diversity evolved and was managed?'; ‘how do pre- and post-war crop production systems compare?'; and ‘what key lessons can we draw from these studies, for both development practitioners working at the grassroots level and policy- makers involved in shaping research, development and relief interventions in agriculture?'
By presenting comparative cases, this volume aims to stimulate analytical thinking about the links between war and changes in cropping systems. The studies themselves can but suggest the complexity of the term ‘war' and how the set of events that go to make up war can be linked to crop and varietal changes. They are preliminary (as is study of the subject as a whole) rather than definitive. They are also rather different in scope. The Cambodian and Nicaraguan studies provide overviews of the effects of war and civil disruption (which lasted a decade or more in both countries) on broad cropping systems and the rice crop, respectively. The Rwanda and Sierra Leone cases, in contrast, focus on the effects of fairly short-lived wars and pursue more micro-level analyses of varietal diversity issues in one or two crops.
This paper described the community and legislative rules to control bush fires in the drier regions of Sierra Leone. Legislation was never effectively enforced and at the same time traditional rules had become less effective, leading to fires of greater extent, frequency and intensity. The demise of community rules was related to the loss of power among traditional leaders in a changing political environment. To control fire, greater co-operation was needed between central government and local government, to provide support to community-level organisations, in particular youth leagues
A PLAN International community forestry project initially assumed that residents of Sussex village, Sierra Leone, were responsible for local deforestation. This paper demonstrated that outsiders collecting wood to fulfill urban fuel demands were in fact to blame. Evaluating the possible solutions to the expected future fuel crisis in the village, the author recommended promotion of improved stoves, in both rural and urban areas, and tree planting, which was presently gaining popularity. Ultimately, however, the main obstacle to sustainable resource management was the power imbalance between the predominantly female local woodcutters and the wealthy, male, urban traders.
Christian Kingombe earned his B.Sc.(1997) & M.Sc.(2002) from the Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and has completed a Ph.D. from University of London (2010).
Christian Kingombe has previously worked as a consultant for numerous international organisations: UNCTAD, UNECE, and ILO, the OECD, the World Bank, and the European Commission.
Research Interests: Trade Facilitation (A4T); Trade in Services.
Lisa Denney is a Research Officer with an interest in security and development, peacebuilding in fragile states and informal governance practices. Her research and work experience has focused largely on Sierra Leone.