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It has been argued that investment in rural transport infrastructure could be considered pre-requisites for growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However there is little formal evidence on their benefits to households or to enterprises. This Background Note provides suggestions on what state-of-the-art aid-for-trade (AfT) impact evaluations could look like.
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Taking stock of Aid for Trade
Aid for Trade, which accounts for a third of total aid, has been effective in improving trade performance of developing countries, but there remain challenges. Whilst David Cameron was making the case for trade in Africa important discussions were taking place atthe 3rd Global Review of Aid for Trade.
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Better regulations and better negotiations as tools for trade: where aid for trade can and cannot help
This note is intended to cover a sequence of trade needs and the role (if any) of aid for trade for conforming to legal (and customary) standards and rules in trade; establishing the institutions to enforce and set the rules; improving the application of rules; negotiating changes in rules affecting trade; and identifying and prioritising the changes in rules likely to help each developing country's trade. -
Does aid for trade really improve trade performance?
World Development Volume 39, Issue 5Massimilliano Cali and Dirk Willem te VeldeUtilising data on a large subset of developing countries, this research examines the extent to which various types of aid for trade have helped recipient countries’ trade performance and finds that aid for trade facilitation reduces the costs of trading. -

Aid for Trade: a poverty escape route
Economic performance is on many people’s minds at the moment as we hear that the global financial crisis has led to the worst economic performance in Britain (in Quarter 1, 2009) than at any point in the last 30 years. Weakly regulated globalised financial markets have been shown to be risky and to increase the chance of ‘contagion’ spreading across countries. We hear of tensions about labour migration – another sort of market openness, and fears that cheap imports are going to undermine British jobs. -
Aid for Trade: Assessing Impact and Effectiveness
This paper, based on speaking notes for Second Global Aid for Trade Review, 6-7 July 2009, focuses on the internal impediments to developing countries taking advantage of international trade. Aid for Trade therefore must take into acount domestic divides, This paper uses three examples from Cambodia, Ethiopia and Lesotho.
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Does Aid for Trade Really Improve Trade Performance?
This paper uses statistical evidence to examine the effects of aid for trade on the costs of trading and on the level of and changes in exports.
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Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies
Massimiliano Calì and Dirk Willem te VeldeThis issue of Commonwealth Trade Hot Topics focuses on a specific group of developing countries – small and vulnerable economies (SVEs) – which has largely been neglected in the AfT debate, despite the special challenges these countries faced in their integration into the global economy.
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Quantifying Aid for Trade: A Case Study of Tanzania
Liz TurnerThis Economic Paper explains what Aid for Trade is, and how definitions have evolved over time. Using Tanzania as a case study it shows how different definitions lead to different estimates of the amount of Aid for Trade being delivered, and suggests an alternative simple and practical methodology for recipient countries to classify and quantify it.
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The effectiveness of Aid for Trade: some empirical evidence
A key motivation of the study is a lack of good quantitative evidence on 1) actual aid for trade in-country flows and 2) the possible effects of aid for trade.












