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Based on a review of the literature, and preliminary and detailed case studies, ODI has identified over 30 theoretical models describing how research-based evidence can influence policy. The first four are cross-cutting models or frameworks, while the remainder are loosely grouped into three categories guided by ODI’s three-dimensional framework: context, evidence and links. Click here for a summary or on the links below for more information about each theory.

General Models

  1. Linear model
  2. Percolation model
  3. Tipping point model
  4. ‘Context, evidence, links’ framework

Context

  1. Policy narratives
  2. Systems model (NSI)
  3. External forces
  4. ‘Room for manoeuvre’
  5. ‘Street level bureaucrats’
  6. Policy as a social experiment
  7. Policy streams and policy windows
  8. Fundamental decisions vs. disjointed incrementalism (‘muddling through’)
  9. The crisis model or 'paradigm shift'

Evidence

  1. 'Framework of possible thought’ and alignment of frames
  2. Variables for determining credibility in individual decision-making
  3. The source of information is as influential as the content (connectors, mavens, salesmen)
  4. Linear models of communication
  5. The interactive model
  6. Communication tools: Tell simple and surprising stories
  7. Marketing I: Provide the solution to a problem
  8. Marketing II: Find the right packaging
  9. Marketing III: Elicit a response
  10. Translation of technology

Links

  1. Epistemic communities
  2. Policy communities
  3. Advocacy coalitions, or communities of practice
  4. Negotiation through official networks (management perspective)
  5. Informal shadow networks (chaos theory perspective)
  6. Chains of accountability
  7. Communication for social change
  8. Broad participation: from pyramids to wheels and webs

 
 
Last Updated: 13 January, 2009
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