This paper discusses the effects of recent energy price changes on developing countries. It reviews the transmission channels between energy prices and growth and distribution in developing countries based on the most recent literature; employs a computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to identify the most vulnerable countries; and presents three brief country case studies analysing policy responses to oil shocks in more detail (Nigeria, Malawi and Ghana).

Does channelling aid through country systems strengthen them? Can the same approach be applied to non-state actors? This paper sets out a research programme to address these questions.

Why do different services encounter particular constraints and opportunities in their delivery? This working paper identifies a set of characteristics that can be used to differentiate between services, and between functions within them, and asks how these defining or ‘fixed’ characteristics may influence key relationships of accountability and control.

This Background Note maps some of the different ways in which public finance from the United States is mobilising private investment in climate compatible development, and identifies some early emerging trends.