Describes the history of animal health services in East Africa, the emergence of CBAHC programmes primarily in the NGO sector, veterinary privatisation and the policy review process up to 2001. The Kenya section notes that ‘the debate on CAH between NGOs and the professional bodies was adversarial. There is now more collaboration and progress is being made in identifying suitable models of animal health care for pastoral areas’ and ‘Pastoralists have historically been marginal in Kenya society, although their livestock represent an important economic resource. The PRSP consultative process has created opportunities for successful lobbying for their interests.’